CONTENTS
Executive Summary 1
1. 2024 Ageing Report: mandate, general principles and process 1
2. The economic and budgetary impact of population ageing 3
Part I: Long-term projections of age-related expenditure 17
1. Pensions 18
1.1. Introduction 18
1.2. Typology of public pension schemes 18
1.3. Coverage of the pension projections 20
1.4. Main features of pension systems in the EU 20
1.5. Pension expenditure projections 27
1.6. Drivers of pension expenditure 39
1.7. Disaggregation of new pensions 49
1.8. Sensitivity tests and alternative scenarios 52
1.9. Comparison with the 2021 Ageing Report 59
2. Health care 66
2.1. Introduction 66
2.2. Determinants of health care expenditure 66
2.3. Short overview of the projection methodology 80
2.4. Projection results 87
2.5. Comparison with the 2021 Ageing Report 99
2.6. Conclusions 102
3. Long-term care 103
3.1. Introduction 103
3.2. Determinants of long-term care expenditure 106
3.3. Overview of the projection methodology 111
3.4. Projection results 117
3.5. Comparison with the 2021 Ageing Report 125
3.6. Conclusions 128
4. Education 131
4.1. Introduction 131
4.2. General characteristics of national education systems 132
4.3. Projection results 134
4.4. Comparison with the 2021 Ageing Report 139
5. Total cost of ageing 141
5.1. Introduction 141
5.2. Projection results 141
5.3. Comparison with the 2021 Ageing Report 148
Annexes 151
Part II: Statistical Annex – Cross-country tables 167
Part III: Statistical Annex – Country tables
Part IV: Resources 337
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Title : 2024 Ageing Report—Economic & Budgetary Projections for the EU Member States (2022-2070)
Publication : European Commission's Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, April 2024