< Contents >
Acknowledgements
Abbreviations
1. Introduction
2. The WHO Ageism Scale: origins and development process
2.1 Creating the WHO Ageism Scale
2.2 Design criteria
2.3 Item generation
2.4 Content validity review
2.5 Item selection
3. Scale Structure and Components of the WHO Ageism Experiences Scale
3.1 Scale structure
3.2 Formative and reflective indicators
3.3 Introductory statement
3.4 Reference period
3.5 Response format and scoring
3.6 Presenting and interpreting the results
4. Administration
4.1 Pilot testing
4.2 Administration mode
4.3 Ethical considerations
5. Translation Guidance
5.1 Translations of the WHO Ageism Scale
5.2 Recommended approach to translation – TRAPD method
6. Validation Guidance
6.1 Validation guidance
6.2 Recommendations for validation work
7. Recommended usage of the WHO Ageism Scale
7.1 Target population
7.2 Potential settings for administration
8. Open Science and Pre-registration
8.1 Permission and licensing
8.2 Open science practices (optional)
8.3 Validation studies
References
Annex 1. WHO Ageism Scale: experiences
Annex 2. WHO Ageism Scale: towards older persons
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Title : WHO Ageism Scale—Manual and User Guide
Publication : WHO, March 2025 (37 pages)